
Originally Posted by
Bonefish
In photosynthesis, aquatic plants and algae use the energy from the sunlight, carbon dioxide, nutrients and water to produce organic compounds like sugar, water and oxygen. This relationship between biology and chemistry is constantly regulated by a check and balance feedback system. The sun's energy is stored in sugar as chemical energy. The photosynthetic uptake of carbon to form sugar is called "primary production." The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is the primary source of dissolved oxygen in the water and of oxygen in the atmosphere. Before plants and animals can utilize the chemical energy produced by photosynthesis, it must be transformed by respiration. Respiration consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide back into the water.
In productive stratified layered lakes, photosynthesis dominates the epilimnion, or upper layer of water. The excess organic matter produced in the well-lit euphotic zone eventually sinks down through the water to the sediments where respiration dominates. A significant difference often exists between the oxygen-rich euphotic zone and the underlying, oxygen-poor aphotic zone. The presence or absence of oxygen has significant effects on the important oxidation-reduction chemistry.
Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one to another are known as oxidation-reduction reactions. The presence of oxygen promotes oxidation (a gain in electrons, Fe++ to Fe+++) because of free electrons are available. In the absence of oxygen, abundant free electrons promote chemically reducing conditions. Such reaction affect substantially the state of many chemicals found in lake water. For instance, oxidized sulfur as sulfate (SO4-) is reduced to sulfide, as in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in lake sediments. The resulting hydrogen sulfide gas, when released from the water, is characterized by the smell of "rotten eggs." This is known as fall "turnover."